science + research

trauma + the nervous system

UNDERSTANDING TRAUMA & the nervous system

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evolving our understanding of the mind-body connection

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HISTORY OF FND (DIAGNOSIS & STIGMA)

People throughout history have turned to the supernatural—gods, witchcraft and demonic possession—to explain illnesses that today would likely be diagnosed as FND. According to some historical interpretations, the first scientific attempt to account for them emerged around 400 B.C.E., when Greek physicians, including Hippocrates, coined the term “hysteria” to describe a wide collection of ailments, among them paralysis, headaches, dizziness and pain, in the belief that they were caused by the uterus (hystera, in Greek) wandering about the body.

 

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how is FND treated?

NEUROSCIENCE OF FND

Dr. Perez is the director of the Functional Neurological Disorders Clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Perez provides specialized, integrated neurologic and psychiatric consultations for patients with FND. Functional Neurological Disorder | FND Hope www.fndhope.org

FND & Veteran community

WHAT ARE THE NEW FINDINGS?

The crude overall incidence rate of FND diagnoses among U.S. active component service members during 2000-2018 was 29.5 per 100,000 p-yrs, which is approximately 2.5-7.4 times higher than estimates reported for the general U.S. population. The overall rates of FND among service members with a history of depression or a history of PTSD were more than 10 times the rates among individuals without such a history.

what causes fnd?

The cause of FND is multifactoral; unlike typical neurological diseases, FND is not able to be identified using traditional imaging and testing, because it is a software problem vs. a hardware issue (although there is new evidence supporting a potential ‘hybrid’ of software and hardware issues.) A lack of understanding and education in the current medical paradigm (especially amongst ER/neurology settings) often reinforces an incorrect stigma: leading providers to believe the symptoms are ‘not real’ because the origin is not easily identified. The debilitating consequences of FND are just as real as ‘traditional’ neurological diseases, and just as out of the patient’s control. For example, a patient with non-epileptic seizures has equally no control over their symptoms as a patient with epileptic seizures; a patient with FND may have abnormal gait, which is just as uncontrollable as an MS patient’s abnormal gait. 

example timeline of fnd development

MEDICAL STIGMA & PATIENT SHAME

People throughout history have turned to the supernatural—gods, witchcraft and demonic possession—to explain illnesses that today would likely be diagnosed as FND. According to some historical interpretations, the first scientific attempt to account for them emerged around 400 B.C.E., when Greek physicians, including Hippocrates, coined the term “hysteria” to describe a wide collection of ailments, among them paralysis, headaches, dizziness and pain, in the belief that they were caused by the uterus (hystera, in Greek) wandering about the body.

WHAT IS DISSOCIATION & its relationship to interoception?

DISSOCIATION

Dissociation involves disruptions of usually integrated functions of consciousness, perception, memory, identity, and affect (e.g., depersonalization, derealization, numbing, amnesia, and analgesia).Jan 30, 2017

Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure

“This state often manifests as the perception of being on the outside looking in at the cockpit of the plane that’s your body or mind — and what you’re seeing you just don’t consider to be yourself,”

Karl Deisseroth, MD, PhD

INTEROCEPTION

Interoception is often known as the “hidden sense” and is referred to as the eighth sensory system. It is the sense that tells us what is happening inside our bodies. Have you ever felt tired, hungry, cold, thirsty or like you need to go to the bathroom? It is the interoceptive system that helps you sense what’s happening inside your body. The interoceptive system has special nerve receptors which are located throughout our bodies including internal organs, bones, muscles and skin. These receptors send information to the brain. The brain interprets this information and uses it to tell us how we feel. The interoceptive system helps our bodies stay in a state of optimal balance, which is known as homeostasis. People with good interoceptive processing skills are able to respond quickly to the input. They receive and maintain their body in a state of balance. For example, when they feel cold, they put on a jumper and when they feel dehydrated they have a drink to restore balance to their bodies. In addition to controlling all these sensory inputs, the Interoceptive system is also responsible for helping us control our emotions.

https://occupationaltherapy.com.au/interoception

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the neuroscience of dissociation & interoception

Each form of mental dissociations varies in symptomatology and associated deficits. Nevertheless, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuroscientists have discussed, for decades, the possibility of a holistic neural mechanism underlying the core feature of mental dissociations, i.e., disruption of a unified sense of self and a failure to accurately integrate multisensory information between self and social environment. Recently, functional and electrical neuroimaging studies shed light on this question by pointing to a correlation between the core symptomatology of mental dissociations and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)—an area involved in sense of self, agency, perspective taking, and multimodal integration of somatosensory information. Interestingly, results also suggest that each specific aspect of each form of mental dissociation is associated with brain areas that are specific to that domain.

What Happens in Your Brain During Mental Dissociation? A Quest Towards Neural Markers of a Unified Sense of Self

Whether you feel dissociated from the rest of the world or from yourself, you feel some kind of mental dissociations. Each form of mental dissociations varies in symptomatology and associated deficits. Nevertheless, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuroscientists have discussed, for decades, the possibility of a holistic neural mechanism underlying the core feature of mental dissociations, i.e., disruption of a unified sense of self and a failure to accurately integrate multisensory information between self and social environment. Recently, functional and electrical neuroimaging studies shed light on this question by pointing to a correlation between the core symptomatology of mental dissociations and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)—an area involved in sense of self, agency, perspective taking, and multimodal integration of somatosensory information. Interestingly, results also suggest that each specific aspect of each form of mental dissociation is associated with brain areas that are specific to that domain.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40473-016-0063-8

J Neurosci . 2005 Jan 19;25(3):550-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005.

EXPLAINING FND - HOW PHYSICAL AND/OR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA CAN BE A CATALYST FOR DEVELOPING FND IN THE BRAIN (& systemic dysfunction)

Emotional triggers and physical triggers are being processed by the same brain networks (via the insula) - and these networks are responsible for dictating numerous systemic functions

The region of the brain where interoception is controlled is called the insula cortex. Deep in the brain, it’s from here we make our decisions on how to act on information we receive from the body about our internal sensations. This might be having a drink if we feel thirsty, eating if we’re hungry or slowing our breathing if we’re nervous. However, before we reach this decisive point, there are several other regions of the brain that play a big part in helping us process interoceptive information.

https://restoringbalance.life/2021/02/20/what-part-of-the-brain-controls-interoception

The insula cortex belongs to the salience network. Salience of a stimulus is the state of being noticeable or important. Saliency detection is a key brain mechanism that facilitates learning and survival by enabling organisms to focus their limited attention resources on the most important event.Oct 25, 2018

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/caos-suk102518.php

The amygdala helps coordinate responses to things in your environment, especially those that trigger an emotional response (emotional salience.) This structure plays an important role in fear and anger. Limbic cortex. This part contains two structures, the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus.

https://www.healthline.com/health/what-part-of-the-brain-controls-emotions

The default mode network (DMN) is a network of interacting brain regions that is active when a person is not focused on the outside world, measurable with the fMRI technique.

The salience network is thought to switch between activating and deactivating the default mode and central executive networks. Anti-correlated interactions between the salience and default mode networks in particular are necessary for efficient cognition.Jun 12, 2017

ancient practices to improve proprioception & activate the parasympathetic nervous system

Consistent findings include increased gray matter volume in the insula and hippocampus, increased activation of prefrontal cortical regions, and functional connectivity changes mainly within the default mode network.Jul 8, 2020

What Has Neuroimaging Taught Us on the Neurobiology of ...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC7362763

During yoga, your brain releases all sorts of chemicals that not only help you relax but also lower your stress and anxiety levels including, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins. Each of which functions in its own way to help you calm down and feel better.Apr 25, 2019

How Yoga Changes Your Brain - Yoga Medicinehttps://yogamedicine.com › how-yoga-changes-your-brain

As it turns out, deep breathing is not only relaxing, it's been scientifically proven to affect the heart, the brain, digestion, the immune system -- and maybe even the expression of genes.Dec 6, 2010

Just Breathe: Body Has A Built-In Stress Reliever : NPRhttps://www.npr.org › 2010/12/06 › just-breathe-body-ha...

How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137615/

Impact of Altered Breathing Patterns on Interaction of EEG and Heart Rate Variability

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33335359/

It is proposed that the mechanism through which mindfulness meditation exerts its effects is a process of enhanced self-regulation, including attention control, emotion regulation and self-awareness.

Research on mindfulness meditation faces a number of important challenges in study design that limit the interpretation of existing studies.

A number of changes in brain structure have been related to mindfulness meditation.

Mindfulness practice enhances attention. The anterior cingulate cortex is the region associated with attention in which changes in activity and/or structure in response to mindfulness meditation are most consistently reported.

Mindfulness practice improves emotion regulation and reduces stress. Fronto-limbic networks involved in these processes show various patterns of engagement by mindfulness meditation.

Meditation practice has the potential to affect self-referential processing and improve present-moment awareness. The default mode networks — including the midline prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, which support self-awareness — could be altered following mindfulness training.

Mindfulness meditation has potential for the treatment of clinical disorders and might facilitate the cultivation of a healthy mind and increased well-being.

THE MODERN SCIENCE OF HOW TO TEACH YOUR ANCIENT BRAIN NEW TRICKS

fascia: the missing link between sensory information and nerve signaling

My journey to explain the root cause of my numerous systemic symptoms illuminates a severe deficit in Western medicine’s current approach to diagnosis: there are key systems that cannot be seen by conventional imaging and testing – yet these systems are crucial to overall health and play a vital role in elemental functioning. 

Unfortunately, as was true in my experience, this all too often leads practitioners to dismiss symptoms caused by these ‘invisible systems’ as either faked, or ‘in the patient’s head,’ or otherwise ‘not real’ and therefore ‘not needing intervention.’ This approach is both demeaning and dangerous: as in my experience, the patient is left with no options and likely worsening symptoms as a result of traumatic treatment when seeking help from medical professionals.

It is not easy to change the minds of established Western practitioners, but there is little incentive for change until the patient can prove their hypothesis with scientific evidence. In this way, FND patients are in a unique position to become ‘applied experts’ – seeking education that may bridge isolated symptoms to create a homogenous and holistic patient profile. 

I had knowledge of the fascia system from becoming a certified yoga instructor, however it wasn’t until my diagnosis of medically ‘impressive’ spinal stenosis that I viewed fascia as a potential root cause of my unexplained stenosis severity and difficulty with gait/mobility.

The definition of fascia includes tissues of mesodermal derivation considered as specialized connective tissues: the blood and lymph. As water shapes rocks, bodily fluids modify the shape and functioning of bodily structures. Bodily fluids are silent witnesses to mechanotransductive information, allowing adaptation and life, transporting biochemical and hormonal signals. While the solid fascial tissue divides, supports, and connects the different parts of the body system, the liquid fascial tissue feeds and transports messages for the solid fascia. This article reconsiders the model of biotensegrity, by revising the definition of solid and liquid fascia, and tries to integrate the fascial continuum with the lymph and blood in a new model, because in the previous model, these two liquid elements were not taken into consideration. The name given to this new model is Rapid Adaptability of Internal Network (RAIN). Bordoni B, Lintonbon D, Morabito B. Meaning of the Solid and Liquid Fascia to Reconsider the Model of Biotensegrity. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2922. Published 2018 Jul 5. doi:10.7759/cureus.2922

This understanding validates my experience of ‘witnessing my body change density’ once I began targeting my facia and lymphatic health. 

VIEW WEARABLE REVOLUTION PRESENTATION

how light therapy works

The body absorbs more light than the eyes can see. Beyond the visible spectrum lies the thermal light spectrum, light felt by the skin. Many indoor environments today are lit by sources that only emit visible light, causing an imbalance in cellular metabolism. The Lucia N°03 provides a balanced, wide-spectrum of visible and thermal light essential for optimal wellness.

Technology can be used as a transformative tool to illuminate consciousness and elevate human potential. Our technology is in tune with the wisdom of nature, working on cellular, energetic, and unconscious levels to activate your highest potential, and artistically open a psychedelic portal to your inner consciousness.

Lucia N°03 is a substance-free experience that safely alters your state of consciousness by speaking the language of your cells: light and frequency.

As the field of biophotonics is confirming, our cells respond positively to natural sunlight. Unfortunately, we frequently spend more time looking at harmful technology screens and in poor indoor lighting. Lucia N°03 uses a combination of 8 LEDs and 1 powerful halogen bulb to accurately replicate the sun’s natural balanced wide-spectrum visible and thermal light essential for optimal wellness, as well as regulating our circadian rhythm and many other cellular functions. Read more about the benefits of wide-spectrum white light and Lucia N°03 here.

Each individual has a unique natural rhythm, and likewise our energy shifts continuously. The Lucia N°03 experience is an invitation for you to hone your intuition, and connect to the wisdom within. All you have to do is close your eyes, and allow the light in. Lucia N°03’s combination of solid (halogen) and flickering (LED) light stimulates the optic nerve through closed eyelids, inducing a rhythmic driving response to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS), effectively tuning your brainwaves to an optimal state of flow and fully relaxing the nervous system using harmonic frequencies.

Like any mindfulness based practice, Lucia N°03 hypnagogic technology is an opportunity to cultivate awareness for where you are right now, and plant seeds of intention for what you are becoming. However, it can be difficult to cease the internal monologue and truly access the potential depths available in a meditative state of relaxation. It is understood that our conscious waking mind only accounts for about 5% of our brain’s activity; 95% of our brain activity is derived from the unconscious mind, where many of our negative beliefs and deeply programmed patterns are formed and reinforced automatically.

Our technology is able to gently relax your consciousness into the hypnagogic state – the state experienced as our brainwave state shifts from alpha to theta, and is associated with lucid dreaming and unlocking the subconscious mind. Lucia N°03 provides an opportunity to shift us into an open and receptive state of plasticity, where new neural connections are formed and we can more deeply access and release energy blocks manifested and programmed in our system. Read more about photic driving and the hypnagogic state here. Read the study “EEG Functional Connectivity and Phenomenology of Induced Dissociative States”.

 

The Lucia N°03 experience brings your system back to baseline: using sound and light to gently entrain your brainwaves from disorganized and chaotic to synchronized and harmonic. We find examples of ancient practices that harmonize our brainwaves such as chanting and instruments such as singing bowls. You can see evidence of organized, harmonic brainwaves below:

before Lucia N°03 experience

before Lucia N°03

after Lucia N°03 experience

image.jpg

Your First Lucia N°03 Experience

balancing what to expect and letting go of expectations

Preparing before your session: We invite you to fully experience the power of intention by taking a few moments before your session to ground yourself and consider your intention for your first Lucia N°03 experience, in forms such as meditation, mantra, or journaling. The energy that we bring in to the session is important, so it is best to rest your body well the night before and drink plenty of water before and after your session to hydrate the system and promote the most cellular receptivity to your experience. If you have a particular music selection that you find calming, such as meditation music or classical selections, we invite you to make this experience your own – only considering songs that do not contain lyrics or other conflicting distractions such as binaural beats. Clothes worn to your session should be easy to relax in.

Tune In

Your light guide will position you beneath the Lucia N°03 and begin with a few conscious breaths, music, and an opportunity for intention setting. We begin with a 2 minute light session demo on the gentle setting. Once complete, we tune in to your experience before either remaining at this intensity or progressing to a stronger setting. Let your intuition be your guide. Communication is encouraged with your light guide as we find the optimal setting for your system.

Let Go

Extended sessions offer a chance for the brain and nervous system to trust the experience, allowing the traveler to let go and fully immerse themselves in the experience. By stimulating the brain with flickering light and music, e experience of synesthesia, or seeing sound, creates NeuroArt – psychedelic fractals and beautiful ornately patterned visualizations – which guide you deeper into your experience. The system is gently and responsibly entrained to the hypnagogic state – an altered state of consciousness associated with lucid thought and dreaming, and key to the subconscious mind. Clear limiting beliefs and effortlessly relax into a state of flow. With repeated Lucia N°03 sessions, we create and strengthen new pathways and by encouraging neural plasticity. Let go of fear, and allow the light in.

Welcome Forward

slowly bring the awareness back to your body. Invite breath, and allow yourself the gift of pause. Absorb your experience, then in your own time, gently return back. We encourage all travelers to hydrate with lots of water and take time to remain present before picking up your phone or driving. If you feel inspired, ask questions and reflect on your experience, as this may strengthen the new pathways you’ve just created. We also encourage you to observe any subtle (or profound) shifts in thought, creativity, clarity, perception, or energy through the remainder of your day and week after your Lucia N°03 session through practices such as journaling, meditation, or connecting with nature. We recommend repeating sessions 1-3 times a week to most effectively relax, restore, and reprogram the system, with a minimum of 6 sessions to see substantial effective stress response and neural reprogramming.

The Lucia N°03 hypnagogic light machine is not a medical treatment. You have unlimited potential, and are already perfect – we are simply shining a light on what can become overshadowed in daily (unconscious) life. Perhaps consider your mental and physical systems as an instrument; we can view health as the system operating in complete harmony, like a well-tuned instrument, and illness as a disruption to the system’s natural resonant vibration. Lucia N°03 hypnagogic technology is responsibly programmed to gently guide your system into a harmonic state. Stepping back into a state where you can access wellbeing can assist in letting go of any imbalances that may be expressed in your energetic, emotional, astral or physical body. 

CAUTION: Lucia N°03 is not suggested for anyone who has a history of seizure response to stroboscopic simulation or photic sensitivity induced epilepsy. If you are unsure, please consult a neurologist who can issue an EEG test to confirm you do not have abnormal response to intermittent photic stimulation.


Reported Benefits Include:

– deep relaxation

– feelings of bliss

– increased focus

– creation of new neural pathways and neuroplasticity

– higher creativity and problem solving

– increased clarity and intuition

– increased sense of connectedness and unity

– improved circadian rhythm

– spiritual and astral travels

– decalcification of the pineal gland

– improved physical healing

– improved hormone regulation

– decreased stress and anxiety

– improved ability to enter flow states

– decreased rumination

– increased ease of meditation and other mindfulness practices


While one session can offer a chance to shift perspective and experience the profound depths of a meditative state, a series of 6 or more extended sessions is recommended by the inventors of Lucia N°03 for more substantial neural and stress-response nervous system reprogramming.

NEUROPSYCHOLYSIS is the study of a “non-pharmacological” altered state, vs psycholysis, which is the study of psychedelic substances.


The power of psychedelic substances is being examined and approved by the FDA for various mental and physical treatments, such as depression and PTSD. Lucia N°03 is not a medical device used to treat disorders or disease, but it is an opportunity to experience a psychedelic experience, without ingesting any substances. Our technology’s effects are comparable to “microdosing on light” – with many of the same physical and neurological benefits sought after with psychedelic use such as simultaneous activation of many areas of the brain, encouraging new neural connections and neural plasticity in the default mode network, and reprogramming our stress-response through exposure to deep relaxation and transformative experience. Lucia N°03 can be used very successfully as a preparation or integration tool in conjunction with psychedelic experiences.

David Schwartzman from the University of Sussex in the UK confirmed that deep experiences and neural connectivity in conjunction with psychedelics (specifically psilocybin) are essentially the same when it comes to optical neurostimulation (through Lucia N°03).

The two essential differences between psycholysis and neuropsycholysis are:

1. Optical neurostimulation with Lucia N°03 vs. ingestion of a substance (The user is only “ingesting” light and sound, no substance or organic compounds.

2. The altered states of consciousness can be directly influenced (through individual choice) or interrupted by the light guide, which enables a direct (and highly relevant therapeutic) interaction with clients throughout the entire experience

(The user or light guide can literally turn off the experience as need)

Photobiomodulation  implies that light can produce a cellular change in the body –  via cell receptors absorb photons of light , and stimulate the release of nitric oxide, which improves circulation and stimulates healing.

Photobiomodulation provides the organism with substantial support in maintaining homeostasis of the body. This applies particularly to the red and the near-infrared spectrum. Light contributes to maintaining or re-establishing balance in the organism at even cellular level, where it:

  • Acts as an antioxidant contributing to the protection of cells from free radicals.
  • It affects the proteins that protect cells from degenerative processes.
  • Enhances the osmotic resistance of red blood cells, thus preventing hemolysis.
  • Affects the growth factors in the nervous system and microvessels and the muscular and connective tissue.
  • Affects cell signaling.
  • Regulates inflammations, the immune response, and circadian rhythms.
  • Supports tissue regeneration.
  • Stimulates local circulation.
  • Supports the lymphatic system.

Light affects the mechanisms of disease incidence and substantially shortens the recovery time. It thus helps reduce medical costs, as it cuts down on the use of medicinal products. A light stimulator cannot replace a healthy lifestyle and medical care required in injuries or illnesses, but complementary effects have been proven. The irradiated area shows better circulation, cellular metabolism, and energy production in cells improves, and the healing and regenerative effects on the tissue are stimulated. The light stimulator can be used as an independent or complementary therapy.

Frequency Modulation

Therapeutic light devices can be modulated at various frequencies. Modulation unites the properties of light with technically compatible frequencies that additionally stimulate the body’s regenerative abilities and enhance the effects of light therapy.

General research indicates that the benefits of LED light therapy include

  • Increased circulation
  • Decreased inflammation
  • Increased ATP production
  • Collagen production
  • Accelerated exercise recovery time
  • Increased relaxation
  • Decreased stress

The most common device wavelengths are the following:

  • Near-infrared: Many LED therapy devices use the 800 nanometers (nm) range; however, infrared include a much wider spectrum with deep penetration up to 100 mm.

  • Red: 630 to 700 nm, with penetration up to 10 mm.

  • Blue: 405 to 470 nm, with penetration up to 3 mm (beneficial for skin and wound healing).

  • Pulsed frequency(s) or continuous wave devices provide timed sequences of light turning on and off during application, which is thought to accelerate change in the tissues.

  • Continuous-wave devices are always on; no frequency is added to the light.

the pineal gland

In the last 20–30 years, a more accurate understanding of the functions of the pineal gland has emerged, largely as a result of the isolation of melatonin, the major pineal hormone. Convincing evidence is presented showing that the pineal, and not the pituitary, is the master gland of the endocrine system.

The main function of the pineal gland is to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin. Dec 10, 2019

"The pineal gland is the way station or link between our external environment and the network of internal body systems—the tiny but mighty gland that is a liaison with the world around us. The pineal gland takes environmental information and converts it into chemical and electrical signals within our bodies... The pineal gland is draped in ancient lore as the mysterious third eye and the site of the sixth sense. Curiously, it may well be the physiological interface between the mind–body connection and subtle energy experiences—the likely gatekeeper of experiences that transcend the five senses. "

The Scientific Basis of Integrative Medicine

The Scientific Basis of Integrative Medicine (CRC Press, 2005) is one of the first books to elaborate on the nascent field of subtle energy medicine. 

light + biohacking: substance-free, non-invasive, effective self-treatment

Biohacking is the practice of changing the body’s chemistry through science and trial and error. In other words, what may work for one person will not work for another. However, with biohacking, the concept is that we have the power to alter our bodies and brains to become the best versions of ourselves. Essentially, biohacking allows you to take control of your own biology.
You may be struggling with depression, mood swings, skin conditions, inflammation, muscle recovery, or sleep. Luckily, the practice of biohacking with red light therapy has been scientifically proven to affect the body on the cellular level positively. In layman's terms, instead of dealing with symptoms, red light therapy focuses on healing the root of the issue while improving one’s overall wellness.

https://www.kaiyanmedical.com/

light therapy applications: trauma & neurological disorders

THE NECESSITY FOR RESILIENCE: TRAUMA + COVID-19

By adopting our own personalized, holistic toolkit rooted in self-care and resiliency, we can lessen the burden on our already overburdened and underresourced healthcare system, especially in response to the additional burden resulting from the covid-19 global pandemic. As suffering rises, as does the demand for effective treatment: meaning it has never been more imperative to encourage the belief in our innate healing abilities, so we may find resiliency no matter what the future brings, and lessen the risk of unnecessary dependence on a system that is not adequately educated or equipped to heal trauma, and consequently is rapidly failing to uphold the hippocratic oath taken to ‘do no harm.’